Herland and rationalism

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's novel Herland connects to the Rationalism time period in that the set up of the book resembles a journal similar to one a scientist wold keep on an exploration, the men are doing scientific things and even though the women's village is seen as this mythical, magical place, the men are still only doing rational, scientific things.  The book is all about the men learning the women's culture and there's also sort of a message of don't mess with women because they can be just as powerful as men, and Vandyck, Jeff, and Terry all get kicked out by the women alone.

The chapter set up on Herland resembles a scientific journal in that the chapter names just list different things the men encountered and did on their journey, such as "Our Relations and Theirs" (chapter 9) and "Their Religions and Our Marriages" (chapter 10).  These are just the main ideas on which they expand in the chapter through what they figured out doing their "experiments"-- hanging out and learning from the women.

Even though the man at the beginning of the book tells the three scientists not to go to the women's village because "None of them had ever seen it. It was dangerous, deadly, they said, for any man to go there." (Gilman ch 1) which implies a mythical and sort of magical evil because they believe its bad but actually haven't gone to check it out and so the village is more of a legend and not a real place.  The men, however, take a scientific approach to much that they do and that includes learning the women's culture and picking out the food to eat in the forests, and they don't treat the women as mythical creatures.

Herland and my definition of American Literature

In my definition, I focus in part on the idea of rebellion, which is defined as the action or process of resisting authority, control, or convention.  This can be seen throughout Herland in Terry, Jeff, and Vandyck; mainly Terry.

In the beginning of the book, the men are told of the women's land, and it is described as "dangerous, deadly...for any man to go there"(Gilman ch 1) and yet the men only think of it as mere "tales of long ago" (Gilman ch 1)which suggests that they don't believe its real, let alone dangerous.  The name Vandyck, when I looked up its meaning, had the words adventurous, wise, and organized.  This and his line statingng how these stories of the land were "the stuff that savage dreams are made of"(Gilman ch 1).  Vandyck is organized.  He has his whole story written out in detail way after it happened.  He is wise, able to communicate and get along with the women of the village really well and yet not forget about why they were there, which was to see what they were all about. He always kept in mind the differences in their cultures when it came to language, relations- including courtship and marriage, and general way of life.  

When the men get to the women's village and they see all the women and girls around them, they freak out.  They don't listen to them or just go along with everything and follow them, they try and run.  Terry, his name means ruler of the people, freaks out and yells at the other men to help him try to overpower the women.  This shows rebellion and it fits with his name.  When the men sneak off and "escape" the first time, Terry leads them and is the most ardent about escaping.  In the end of chapter 11, Terry was the reason the men got sent home. He rebelled against the customs that not only the women were adhered to, but from the customs the men had set up with them during their stay.  

During the whole book, Jeff is like not unlike the voice of reason and is a calming presence for the men and women.  he gets along with his teacher, he listens, he follows orders. He is described as having a "tender soul" (Gilman ch 1) and the way he envisions Herland is written as "just blossoming with roses and babies and canaries and tidies, and all that sort of thing" (Gilman ch 1), which suggests he is kind and gentle and that fits with his name, which means divinely peaceful.  He not only keeps a sound mind through the duration of the book, but he keeps the peace between the men during their stay in Herland.

Herland and Puritanism

While the three male scientists in this book represent the more rationalistic side of literature, the women's city reflects puritanism.  It is on top of a hill, and they are trying to make sense of the world, what they don't know, which could represent God in that they see the world as something to admire, worship, and fear.
This city on a hill view of the women's community fits in with Puritanism in that it looks fancy and has many amenities that make it stand out as better.  In chapter 2, the road is described as "some sort of hard manufactured stuff, sloped slightly to shed rain, with every curve and grade and gutter as perfect as if it were Europe's best," which makes it seem as if the city is going to rival Europe's best, which is a huge deal.
Later in that chapter, evidence of the city on a hill view of the community are evident in the men's description that states: "here was evidently a people highly skilled, efficient, caring for their country as a florist cares for his costliest orchids. Under the soft brilliant blue of that clear sky, in the pleasant shade of those endless rows of trees, we walked unharmed, the placid silence broken only by the birds."  This not only makes the village seem peaceful and serene, but well groomed and magnificent.
The way Puritans viewed God, as a being they did not understand yet one whom they feared and revered, is the same way in which the women of the village viewed outside civilization.  They do not understand it yet are still fascinated by it and try to learn as much as they can about it.  Women teach the men about their culture so they can learn more about theirs.  The women respect the scientists in the same way they hope the men respect them because they want to be in their good graces.
While the men represent the more Rational side of literature, which is a stark contrast to Puritanism, they fear and revere the women and their society much as Puritans did God.

Herland and romanticism

        While the novel Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman was not written in the romantic time period of literature, it has some characteristics of romantic literature, as shown in the detailed descriptions of the setting and how intertwined with nature the three men are.  They are traveling not only away from the familiar civilization that they know, but away from any culture they know and become immersed in what was considered mythical women’s land up in the mountains.

        The descriptions in chapter four about the adventure the men had while running away to their plane were filled with vivid ones of nature.  On page 32, the description of the vine that kept the men form falling off the ledge is one that enables the reader to picture it in his head and the way it is the life-saver of the escapees is similar to in romanticism when nature was often described as if it were alive and magical at times.

On page 33, the description of their days, spent sleeping in a “penetrating dry heat,” and nights spent traveling in the forest that seems, from description and pictures seen in the head of the reader, to not only be alive, but to embrace everyone and everything.  Through Gilman’s words, the reader can picture not only the men and their adventures, but the setting in which they do this, and that talk and attention to detail of the nature is reminiscent of Romantic pieces.   

"The Snake", the snake, and American Literature

The Snake described in Theodore Roethke's poem connects to American Literature in the way that people see the literature and in the purpose behind the shifts in genres in the different time periods of American Literature.  When people would first read the new literature in America and found it good, there was hype over the piece.  The ideas in it and other similar pieces were taken from the ideas of the majority and influenced the thoughts and actions of the people reading it then as well.  Then as time went on and ideas of the people started to change they didn't see the pieces of literature in the same way as they had previously.  That's when the pieces become like the limp snake and the ideas fade so no one cares as much.  Finally the ideas influence a whole new set of different literature with different ideas that over power and drive out the old ideas, much like the man watching the snake drove it away quickly.
Once these new ideas got a good foothold in the society they brought new signs of life and ingenuity and thoughts and innovations to the society and it gave people hope that things could change and get better, whatever better was according to their new thoughts.
The whole goal of American Literature is to find some pure and great form of literature that captures all the ideas of the majority of people in America, and the time period shifts show this in that the literature changes when the actions and ideas of the people do.
The snake picture is reminiscent of the booming and prosperous times of America, ones that occurred at least once in each time period of American Literature.  The snake looks alive and brave and ready for the world, much like how the people felt in these times because everything was going great and their ideas were good ones.  The snake represents America at its finest because it isn't limp or still it is lively and strong.

Fahrenheit 451 and The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail

Henry David Thoreau and Guy Montag are both stubborn and rebellious.  Throeau didn't pay his taxes and he wasn't about to pay them even if it meant getting out of jail and he wasn't leaving because someone paid them off for him.  Montag hid books and he wasn't ever persuaded to stop with the books even when his boss caught on to him.  He stayed with Faber and ran away-- he deserted everything he knew to follow what he felt was right.  

Also Thoreau and Montag were both kind when they didn't have to be.  When the black man showed up at Thoreau's cabin, he was offered food and called sir and was helped out, when really most people wouldn't have been nearly as kind.  Montag talked with Faber once and a year later remembered him and talked to him and when he found out about Faber's books Montag didn't do what was expected of him and his job as a firefighter and he listened and talked with Faber and befriended him.  He planned with him and he helped him cover his tracks when he ran away.  

Officer Beatty and Deacon Ball are both not the nicest folks but they differ in how they act.  While Ball is upfront, loud, pompous and authoritative, Beatty is sneaky yet intimidating and he is smart.  He thinks about what he says and his words are meant to make one slip up.  Ball, hen scolding Thoreau, is sticking to what was accepted as what is right to do according to popular vote and those are the same issues Beatty deals with-- he is for the burning of books-- but he uses books to his advantage.  Instead of just telling Montag to do something he will quote a book and famous authors and ask complex questions to get what he wants from whomever he's talking to.  

In the end both Thoreau and Montag are free.  Henry is out of jail and Guy is safely hidden between towns with a group of men ho memorize books.  While they are escaped from their prison- both figuratively and literally- they aren't happy about it really. Thoreau still doesn't want to pay his taxes and he is still firm in his opinions and Montag is in this whole new way of life-- no wife no Faber no job and its a bit discomforting.  Both the books leave off right when they get free though and don't go into what happens later, which lets the reader guess.

Fahrenheit 451 and Billy Budd

        Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 has connections to Herman Melville's Billy Budd in plot structure and general ideas on beliefs and how one can stray from them and the consequences of doing that.  Bradbury's novel and Melville's both have their main character depart from the society or place that they were used to and felt comfortable with and changed their surroundings and actions and met new people and ended up facing consequences for their shift.  Budd's old life caught back up to him when he was hanged-- he departed from Rational beliefs to Romantic ones and he ended up killing a man and the judges weighed in on this rationally and so he couldn't escape his past.  Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451 rebelled against social norms and laws in his community when he brought home many books and paired up with Faber to take down the firemen.  His acts got him in trouble and he almost died which ended up with him killing the man who was accusing him, just as when Budd killed his accuser.
        When Montag decided to be upfront about his having books and he showed his wife and her friends he was met with trouble when his wife turned him in and when her friends freaked out and didn't know what to do.  Being in a society that dictates everything for you without you knowing anything made the knowledge of really anything unusual-- books, literature, not up to date facts-- made people stand out and get in trouble.    After killing his boss, Montag was yet again faced with a decision-- he could run away or be found out.  By choosing to run away Montag was making the decision to distance himself completely from his past society and when he met the men in the woods it was like a new start.  Budd got a new start when he left his first ship and he got another one when he died.
        Both Montag and Budd escaped everything that was holding them back in their society and in their endeavors through leaving-- by death and by foot.  That meant that they had new problems to face but none as bad as before and nothing they weren't ready to handle-- Montag would rather fight for books and knowledge is he had to rather than being stuck burning them and hiding them and keeping its secret.  Budd  no longer has to be accused of mutiny and he doesn't have to deal with anyone doubting him or changing up where and how he lives.